需求：将 LiveCD grml.iso 保存在 ntfs 分区上，使用 grub4dos 来引导，加载 grml.iso 文件。

本例，硬盘是 MBR 分区，只有一个 NTFS 分区，已经安装有 Windows 22H2。grml.iso 保存在 C:\iso\grml.iso。

尝试：

1. 先安装 grub4dos, 将 grub4dos ，用 bcdedit 将 grub4dos 添加到启动菜单中

2. 这里的 C:\menu.lst 文件内容，其中 findiso 参数是让它能在设备中查找iso文件，toram=grml.squashfs 是避免 ntfs-3g 自动将 ntfs 分区挂载为“可读写”，导致重启或关机时会挂死

   title grml
   find --set-root --ignore-floppies --ignore-cd /iso/grml.iso
   map /iso/grml.iso (0xff)
   map --hook
   set opts=" toram=grml.squashfs dns=8.8.8.8 ip=192.168.1.108::192.168.1.1:255.255.255.0:testbox:eth0:off ssh=mima "
   kernel (0xff)/boot/grml/vmlinuz apm=power-off boot=live live-media-path=/live/grml/ bootid=grml001 findiso=/iso/grml.iso  nomce net.ifnames=0 %opts%
   initrd (0xff)/boot/grml/initrd.img
   map --unhook
   boot
   savedefault --wait=2

参考：

• https://wiki.grml.org/doku.php?id=rescueboot
• https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Debugging/#index2h1
• https://forums.opensuse.org/t/shutdown-stalls-at-reached-target-shutdown-auto-power-off-occurs-4-minutes-later/138324
• https://github.com/tuxera/ntfs-3g/wiki/NTFS-3G-FAQ
• https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/107978/cant-access-windows-drive-windows-is-hibernated-refused-to-mount
• https://askubuntu.com/questions/145902/unable-to-mount-windows-ntfs-filesystem-due-to-hibernation
• https://git.grml.org/?p=grml-live.git;a=blob_plain;f=templates/GRML/grml-cheatcodes.txt;hb=HEAD
• https://github.com/grml/grml/issues/206
• https://sources.debian.org/src/linux/3.16.56-1+deb8u1/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt/
• https://manpages.debian.org/bookworm/live-boot-doc/live-boot.7.en.html
• http://bbs.wuyou.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=421620
• http://bbs.wuyou.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=208607

现象：一台机子，在 fdisk 里查看，没有分区。尝试使用 testdisk，盲猜是 gpt 分区类型，自动分析出有三个分区。写入、保存磁盘分区信息后，机子无法自动引导到操作系统，提示 1234F: 。

尝试：估计磁盘的原有分区是 mbr ，并不是 gpt ，因为里边没有 EFI 分区，且原系统中，没有 efi 相关的文件。然后再次运行 testdisk ，将分区信息保存为 mbr 。再次重启机子，依然是 1234F: ，无法引导系统。最后，在急救系统里，grub-install 到磁盘，重新安装 grub 。之后，就可以看到 grub 的引导信息，顺利进入到 debian 系统了。

参考：

• https://forum.proxmox.com/threads/boot-error.107097/
• https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Recover_From_Grub_Failure
• https://forum.cgsecurity.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?t=6635

原因：看到 iRedMail 群里有人说在 FreeBSD 13.2 里安装出错，提示如：

lsof-4.99.3_1,8 requires kernel sources.
error code 1
stop.
make stopped in /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
error code 1
stop
make stooped to /usr/ports/devel/py-Jinjia2
error failed to downloading package, please fix it manually and then relaunch iRedMail installer.

我在一台国外的机子，配置是 Atom C2750, 8GB 内存里测试 iRedMail 的安装。遇到同样的报错信息。虽然可以手工下载 ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/amd64/13.2-RELEASE/src.txz 后继续安装，但通过 ports 编译软件，所需的时间太长了。过了约24小时，还没完成，当前界面信息停留在:

l' -Cprefer-dynamic -Z binary-dep-depinfo -L native=/usr/ports/lang/rust/work/_build/x86_64-unknown-freebsd/stage0-rustc/x86_64-unknown-freebsd/release/build/psm-d1aad399e5dbb6f5/out -L native=/usr/ports/lang/rust/work/_build/x86_64-unknown-freebsd/stage0-rustc/x86_64-unknown-freebsd/release/build/rustc_llvm-938455d976a8c95f/out -L native=/usr/ports/lang/rust/work/_build/x86_64-unknown-freebsd/llvm/build/lib`
    Building [=======================> ] 316/323: rustc_driver_impl

但我不想等待结果，放弃了。

-- Build files have been written to: /usr/ports/lang/rust/work/_build/x86_64-unknown-freebsd/lld/build
running: cd "/usr/ports/lang/rust/work/_build/x86_64-unknown-freebsd/lld/build" && DESTDIR="" "cmake" "--build" "." "--target" "install" "--config" "Release" "--" "-j" "1"
[  1% 3/127] Building CXX object Common/CMakeFiles/lldCommon.dir/CommonLinkerContext.cpp.o^C
ninja: build stopped: interrupted by user.

Build completed unsuccessfully in 14:46:49
*** Error code 1
*** Signal 2

参考：

• https://github.com/iredmail/iRedMail/issues/197
• https://forum.iredmail.org/topic19648-freebsd-131release-and-iredmail-162-unexpected-fatal-error.html
• https://docs.iredmail.org/install.iredmail.on.freebsd.html
• https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/204956/how-do-you-install-the-freebsd10-kernel-sources

需求：硬盘原先已经有Windows，debian 12 系统了，现在想在一个分区里再安装个 FreeBSD 13.2。

步骤：

1. 将机子从rescue系统启动，以qemu虚拟机的方式，从 https://download.freebsd.org/releases/amd64/amd64/ISO-IMAGES/13.2/FreeBSD-13.2-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso 开始往硬盘的第4个分区里安装 FreeBSD

2. 安装过程中，勾选 sshd ，且在 /etc/rc.conf 里添加静态IP的配置内容，如：

   ifconfig_igb0="inet 144.172.126.97 netmask 255.255.255.0"
   ifconfig_igb1="inet 144.172.126.97 netmask 255.255.255.0"
   defaultrouter="144.172.126.1"

3. FreeBSD安装结束后，将机子从 Debian 12 系统启动，手工修改 /boot/grub/grub.cfg 启动菜单内容，添加如：

   menuentry "FreeBSD 13.2" {
   insmod ufs2
   set root=(hd0,4)
   kfreebsd /boot/loader
   }

4. 执行如 grub-reboot 4 && reboot 的命令，就可以单次尝试从grub里引导 FreeBSD 系统了

5. gpart show 的输出信息：

   root@dr3:~ # gpart show
   =>        63  3907029105  ada0  MBR  (1.8T)
         63        1985        - free -  (993K)
       2048   419430400     1  ntfs  (200G)
   419432448  3221225472     2  linux-data  (1.5T)
    3640657920   104857600     3  ntfs  (50G)
    3745515520   161480704     4  freebsd  [active]  (77G)
    3906996224       32944        - free -  (16M)
   
   =>        0  161480704  ada0s4  BSD  (77G)
         0  153092096       1  freebsd-ufs  (73G)
    153092096    8073216       2  freebsd-swap  (3.8G)
    161165312     315392          - free -  (154M)

参考：

• https://docs.huihoo.com/freebsd/zh-cn-20110215/articles/remote-install/preparation.html
• https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?igb(4)
• https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/booting-freebsd-via-grub.60422/

假设：RT5的访问网址是 https://rt.demo.anqun.org ，“售后”队列的收件箱是 support@rt.demo.anqun.org ，搭配 apache 与 mariadb 数据库。

步骤：

1. hostnamectl set-hostname rt.demo.anqun.org # 设置好主机名
2. apt update # 更新软件源
3. apt install mariadb-server # 先安装数据库
4. systemctl start mariadb # 启动数据库
5. apt install apache2 rt5-db-mysql rt5-apache2 rt5-fcgi request-tracker5 # 安装RT5，如果提示输入RT的实例名称，我这里是填写了完整的主机名 rt.demo.anqun.org，还会提示设置RT使用的数据库密码和默认用户root的密码
6. a2dismod mpm_event
7. a2enmod mpm_prefork # 切换apache的运行模块
8. a2enmod ssl # 启用https访问
9. /etc/request-tracker5/RT_SiteConfig.d/50-debconf.pm # 修改配置文件中的 $WebPath 为空，因为本例是访问到/路径

10. /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/rt.conf # RT的站点设置内容，如下：

    <VirtualHost *:443>
        ### Optional apache logs for RT
        # Ensure that your log rotation scripts know about these files
        # ErrorLog /opt/rt5/var/log/apache2.error
        # TransferLog /opt/rt5/var/log/apache2.access
        # LogLevel debug
        ServerName rt.demo.anqun.org
    
    SSLEngine on
    SSLCertificateFile  /root/.acme.sh/rt.demo.anqun.org_ecc/rt.demo.anqun.org.cer
    SSLCertificateKeyFile /root/.acme.sh/rt.demo.anqun.org_ecc/rt.demo.anqun.org.key
    SSLCertificateChainFile  /root/.acme.sh/rt.demo.anqun.org_ecc/ca.cer
    
        AddDefaultCharset UTF-8
        FcgidInitialEnv RT_SITE_CONFIG /etc/request-tracker5/RT_SiteConfig.pm
    # The defaults are unlikely to be big enough for an RT site handling
    # attachments
        FcgidMaxRequestLen 1073741824
    #        ScriptAlias / /opt/rt5/sbin/rt-server.fcgi/
    # Use the handler
    # Note: If you switch the configuration to be served up from / use a
    # trailing / - ie:
    #   ScriptAlias / /usr/share/request-tracker5/libexec/rt-server.fcgi/
    ScriptAlias / /usr/share/request-tracker5/libexec/rt-server.fcgi/
    
        DocumentRoot "/usr/share/request-tracker5/html"
    
    # Alias "/static" "/usr/share/request-tracker5/static"
    <Location />
    DirectoryIndex index.html
    #            Require all granted
    #            Options +ExecCGI
    #            AddHandler fcgid-script fcgi
    </Location>
    
    # Limit mail gateway access to localhost by default
    <Location /REST/1.0/NoAuth>
    <IfVersion >= 2.3>
        Require local
    </IfVersion>
    <IfVersion < 2.3>
        Order Allow,Deny
        Allow from 127.0.0.1
    </IfVersion>
    </Location>
    </VirtualHost>

11. systemctl restart apache2 # 重启apache服务后，看看能否访问到RT的web页面。如果root能成功登录，请创建“售后”的队列，且设置收件箱为support。简化测试，让everyone可以有创建和回复工单的权限
12. dpkg-reconfigure exim4-config # 配置 exim4 ，关键是填写收件箱的域，如 rt.demo.anqun.org 和监听的网络接口（本例是留空，表示在所有的网络接口里监听25端口）

13. /etc/exim4/conf.d/router/050_exim4-config_rt5support # 创建收件箱地址的router，内容如下：

    rt5support_router:
    driver = accept
    local_parts = support
    transport = rt5support_transport
    
    rt5supportcomment_router:
    driver = accept
    local_parts = support-comment
    transport = rt5supportcomment_transport

14. /etc/exim4/conf.d/transport/50_exim4-config_rt5support_pipe # 创建收件箱的pipe，内容如下：

    rt5support_transport:
     driver = pipe
     command = "/usr/bin/rt-mailgate --queue 售后 --action correspond --url https://rt.demo.anqun.org"
    
    rt5supportcomment_transport:
     driver = pipe
     command = "/usr/bin/rt-mailgate --queue 售后 --action comment --url https://rt.demo.anqun.org"

15. update-exim4.conf.template -r && update-exim4.conf && systemctl reload exim4 # 将exim4的配置更新
16. 如果顺利，发往suuport@rt.demo.anqun.org的邮件，会自动出现在“售后”队列中，从web里可以查看到

参考：

• https://packages.debian.org/bookworm/request-tracker5
• https://forum.bestpractical.com/t/rt-5-0-5-released/38616
• https://bestpractical.com/resources/